uid=KBS,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=orgalluid=sbohm,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=orgallpublicreadhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/103.emlG.RobertsonMichigan State University

3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060US

(269) 760-8364(269)671-2351robert30@msu.edu0000-0001-9771-9895RandyJacksonUniversity of Wisconsin

US

(608)262-1390rdjackson@wisc.edu0000-0002-8033-1250StephenHamiltonMichigan State University

3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060

(269) 671-2231(269)671-2104hamilton@msu.edu0000-0002-4702-9017StaceyVanderWulpMichigan State University

3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060US

(269) 671-2339(269) 671-2333vanderws@msu.eduprincipal contactGreggSanfordUniversity of Wisconsin

MadisonWisconsin53706US

gregg.r.sanford@gmail.com0000-0001-5019-9095principal contactHsun-YiHsiehMichigan State University

US

hsiehhs7@msu.edu0000-0003-2245-3695data managerLawrenceOatesUniversity of Wisconsin

MadisonWisconsin53706US

oates@wisc.edu0000-0003-4829-7600principal contactSvenBohmMichigan State University

3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060US

(269) 205-3821(269 )671-2333bohms@msu.edu0000-0002-6224-7848principal contactRemkeVan DamGAP Geophysics Australia

PerthWestern AustraliaUS

rvd@msu.edu0000-0003-4946-9734original investigatorDavidWeedMichigan State University

Hickory CornersMichiganUS

weedd@msu.eduprincipal contactKevinKahmarkMichigan State University

3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060US

269-671-2330kahmark@msu.eduprincipal contact2026-06-07

original data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/103

LTERKBSKellogg Biological StationHickory CornersMichiganGreat LakespHOrganic MatterDisturbanceLTER Core Research Areafarmingbiotahttps://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/thesaurus-full.php?thcode=15Data in the KBS LTER core database may not be published without written permission of the lead investigator or project director. These restrictions are intended mainly to preserve the primary investigators' rights to first publication and to ensure that data users are aware of the limitations that may be associated with any specific data set. These restrictions apply to both the baseline data set and to the data sets associated with specific LTER-supported subprojects.All publications of KBS data and images must acknowledge KBS LTER support.The areas around the Kellogg Biological Station in southwest Michigan-85.404699-85.36685742.42026542.3910192008-01-012024-12-31Kellogg Biological StationData Managerlter.data.manager@kbs.msu.eduhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu02vkce854KBS LTERSampling Frequency: Monthly 1989 to 1994, yearly 1995 to 1996 Duplicate subsamples from composite soil samples taken in each plot are used to measure soil pH. Weighed soil samples (15 g fresh weight) are made into a soil suspension by the addition of deionized water in a soil:water ratio of 1:2. The glass electrode pH meter is standardized with standard buffer solutions of pH 7 and pH 4.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/39Soil pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion activity in soil solution; high hydrogen activity (low pH) is an index of soil acidity which can affect nutrient availability and plant growth. To measure the pH of fresh soil, duplicate subsamples (15 g fresh weight) from a sieved soil sample are suspended in solution by adding deionized water in a soil:water ratio of 1:2. The pH of the suspension is measured with a glass electrode pH meter standardized with standard buffer solutions of pH 7 and pH 4. Sampling frequency: Depends on experiment, time of year, and research objective. Soil pH is often taken to inform liming recommendations.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/163The amount of water or moisture in a given mass of soil is highly variable and is important to measure in field studies because it affects microbial activity, nutrient movement, and plant growth. To measure soil moisture content by the gravimetric method, a subsample of a fresh, sieved composite sample or a fresh soil core is weighed, oven dried until there is no further mass loss, and then reweighed. The moisture content is expressed as mass of water per mass of dry soil. Sampling frequency: Depends on experiment and research objective. Soil moisture is routinely measured as part of our LTER core soil sampling for inorganic N, N mineralization, and greenhouse gas fluxes.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/24Soils of the GLBRC Biofuel Cropping System Experiment (BSCE) and Scale-Up Experiment are sampled to measure and monitor a variety of physical and chemical factors, including soil bulk density, texture, pH, moisture, organic carbon, inorganic nitrogen, and several other nutrients. Both surface and deep-core soil samples are collected. Currently surface samples to 25 cm are collected in annual crop treatments on an annual basis and analyzed for inorganic nitrogen and for fertilizer recommendations and collected in perennial crop treatments every three years. Deep-core sampling to 1 meter occurs every 5 to 10 years to primarily examine long-term changes in organic carbon and nitrogen.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/158Soil bulk density is a measurement of the dry mass of soil per unit soil volume (g/cm3) and thus includes the combined volume of solids and pores that may contain gases or water, or both. Bulk density can affect many soil processes, such as water passage, heat transfer, aeration and root growth. It is also a necessary factor to convert mass-based units to area-based units. This protocol describes bulk density analyses associated with deep (1 m) soil cores sampled at approximate 5-10 year intervals to examine changes in soil carbon with depth. Cores are delineated into soil sections and bulk density is determined either by depth interval or by soil horizon (MCSE in 2008). For each core section or interval, dried subsamples are also pulverized and sampled for carbon and nitrogen analysis, and the remainder or a portion thereof is archived. Sampling frequency: Usually every 5-10 years Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/110Surface (0-25 cm) soil samples are typically collected in the fall, composited by plot, and sent to an analytical laboratory for analysis and for nutrient and liming recommendations for field crops. Analyses include pH, lime index, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and cation exchange capacity. Samples collected in the fall provide liming and fertilizer recommendations for the following year. Deep cores (0-100 cm) are collected every 5-10 years and samples are analyzed separately by depth interval to monitor longer-term changes in composition with depth. Sampling frequency: Depends on experiment and research objective. Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/178Ammonium (NH4 ) and nitrate (NO3-) are the predominate forms of inorganic N in soils; their availability affects rates of N transformation, plant uptake, and N leaching. To measure the nutrient pool of NH4 and NO3- in soils, a subsample of a fresh, sieved composite sample is extracted, filtered, and the extract then analyzed using colorimetric techniques. Concentrations of NH4+ and NO3- are typically expressed as element mass of N per gram of dry soil, but conversion to an areal basis is possible if the soil bulk density and sample depth are known. Sampling frequency: Depends on experiment, time of year, and research objective. Soil inorganic N is routinely measured as part of our LTER and GLBRC soil sampling programs.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/33Synthetic ion exchange resins can be used to measure relative amounts of plant-available nutrient ions in soils and the rates at which they are released from soil organic matter. Negatively charged anion exchange membranes capture positively charged ions (cations), such as ammonium (NH4+), and positively charged exchange membranes capture negatively charged ions (anions) such as nitrate (NO3−). Direct placement of ion exchange resins in soils is a simple and effective method to assess soil nitrogen availability and its spatial or temporal distribution (Qian and Schoenau; 2002, 2005). Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/105The nitrogen (N) mineralization potential of soils is an estimate of the net production of inorganic N under given conditions and provides a means to assess soil N availability. To measure in vitro N mineralization potentials subsamples of a sieved, composite soil sample are brought to 60% water-filled pore space, placed in loosely capped specimen cups or flasks, incubated at constant temperature in the dark for 28 days, analyzed for soil inorganic N, and compared to subsamples prepared on day 0. The N mineralization potential is the difference between the final and the initial total inorganic N (nitrate + ammonium) concentration divided by days of incubation and is expressed on a gravimetric basis (microgram N/g dry soil/day), which can be converted to an areal basis (microgram N/m2/day) using soil bulk density. The net nitrification potential can also be determined as the difference between final and initial nitrate concentrations divided by days of incubation and expressed as above. Frequency: Depends on experiment and research objective. For example, N mineralization potential was measured in all treatments of the GLBRC Biofuel Cropping System Experiment (BCSE) three times over the 2013 growing season.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/166https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/217Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil pH (GLBRC088-001)Soil pH of surface soils (0-25 cm) from BCSE treatments (G1-G10) collected occasionally in the fall to monitor pH levels.Soil+pH.csvNone281\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/217.csvsample_datecollection dateYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationtreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentstationsampling locationsampling locationdepth_cmsoil sample depthsoil sample depthphpHrealmain_or_microplotplot that the sample was collected fromplot that the sample was collected fromhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/219Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Moisture (Gravimetric) (GLBRC088-002)Gravimetric soil moisture of surface cores (0-25 cm) from all BCSE treatments (G1-G10). These data are used to adjust soil inorganic nitrogen measurements for moisture content.Soil+Moisture+(Gravimetric).csvNone281\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/219.csvsample_datedate the sample was collectedYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationtreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentmain_or_microplot experiment where the crop was harvested from experiment where the crop was harvested from depthdepth range of the sampled soil corecentimetertextmoisturegravimetric soil moisturegramsPerHectogramrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/221Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Bulk Density (GLBRC088-003)Soil bulk density of surface (0-25 cm) and deep (to ~1 m) core samples from all BCSE treatments (G1-G10). Surface cores were taken in 2008-2009; deep cores are taken every 5-10 years, beginning in 2008, to primarily monitor for changes in carbon and nitrogen stocks.Soil+Bulk+Density.csvNone411\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/221.csvyearyear sample was collectedYYYY11987-4-18sample_dateThe date the sample was collectedYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationtreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentstationsampling locationsampling locationmain_or_micrplotthe main or microplot sampledthe main or microplot sampledhorizon_top_depthAttempted upper sampling depth. It was not always possible to reach this depth.centimeterintegerhorizon_bottom_depthAttempted lower sampling depth. It was not always possible to reach this depth.centimeterintegercore_diameterdiameter of the sample corecentimeterrealgravel_free_bulk_densitybulk density of the gravel free soil fraction (gravel >4 mm removedgramsPerCubicCentimeterrealtotal_bulk_densitybulk density including the gravel fractiongramsPerCubicCentimeterrealcommentscomment about data rowcomment about data rowwi_plot_idArlington Wisconsin plot identifierintegercampaigntype of soil samplingtype of soil samplingtop_depth_bdActual upper depth of soil core used for bulk density sample. centimeterrealbottom_depth_bdActual lower depth of soil core used for bulk density sample. centimeterrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/232Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Arlington Baseline Surface Soil Survey (GLBRC088-005)Soil samples collected 30 June-2 July 2008 and analyzed for an array of compounds to serve as a baseline soil survey for the Arlington GLBRC Biofuel Cropping System Experiment (G1-G10, plus auxiliary G11-G12). One bulk density core was taken per plot and that value is applied to all subsamples in the plot. All samples are from horizon “act”. The 0-10 cm samples were collected with 6 cm height cores and the 10-25 cm samples were collected with 15 cm height cores; the core diameter for all was 3.7 cmArlington+Baseline+Surface+Soil+Survey.csvNone421\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/232.csvyearyear of the sampling dateYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationexperimentexperiment nameexperiment nametreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentstationsampling locationsampling locationdepth_cmsoil sample depthcentimeterrealphpHdimensionlessrealom_percentorganic mattergramsPerHectogramrealp_ppmphosphorus concentrationmicrogramsPerKilogramrealk_ppmpotassium concentrationmilligramsPerLiterrealca_ppmcalcium concentrationmicrogramsPerLiterrealmg_ppmmagnesium concentrationmicrogramsPerLiterrealest_ceccation exchange capacityintegerna_ppmsodium concentrationmilligramsPerLiterrealbuffer_phbuffer pHdimensionlessrealbd_g_ccbulk densitygramsPerCubicCentimeterrealn_pctnitrogen percentgramsPerHectogramrealc_pctcarbon percentgramsPerHectogramrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/239Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Agronomic Soil Chemistry (GLBRC088-008)Surface soil samples (0-25 cm) are collected annually (usually in the Fall) from the main plot and alternative treatment subplots (most years) of all BCSE treatments (G1-G10), then dried and sent to an analytical laboratory for fertilizer recommendations and analysis of pH, lime index, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and cation exchange capacity. Beginning in 2018, samples from annual treatments are analyzed every year and those from perennial crops are analyzed every three years.Agronomic+Soil+Chemistry.csvNone431\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/239.csvsample_datedate of sample collectionYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperimental locationexperimental locationtreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentwi_plot_idArlington Wisconsin site's plot identifierArlington Wisconsin site's plot identifiertop_depthupper soil sampling depthcentimeterintegerbottom_depthlower soil sampling depthcentimeterrealpHpH of soil solutiondimensionlessreallime_indexindicator of potential acidityintegerp_ppmphosphorus concentrationmilligramsPerKilogramrealk_ppmpotassium concentrationmilligramsPerKilogramrealca_ppmcalcium concentrationmilligramsPerKilogramrealmg_ppmmagnesium concentrationmilligramsPerKilogramrealest_cecCation exchange capacity in meq/100g soilmilliEquivalentsPerHundredGramrealphorphorus_M3_ppmphosphorus concentration by employing the Mehlich-3 methodmilligramsPerKilogramrealcommentsnotes specific to the data rownotes specific to the data rowlabThe soil test lab that performed the analysisThe soil test lab that performed the analysishttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/320Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Inorganic Nitrogen (GLBRC088-012)Soil extractable inorganic nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate plus nitrite) concentrations, corrected for soil moisture, in surface soils (0 – 25 cm) of all BCSE treatments (G1-G10). Sampling frequency has changed over the years and includes 1) annual fall measurements from main plots plus treatment subplots since 2016; 2) three measurements spaced over the growing seasons in 2014-2015; and 3) biweekly measurements from 2010-2012.Soil+Inorganic+Nitrogen.csvNone261\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/320.csvsample_datedate of the soil samplingYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18sitelocation of experimenttexttreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentno3soil extractable nitrate-N plus nitrite-N, corrected for soil moisturemicrogramsPerGramrealnh4soil extractable ammonium-N, corrected for soil moisturemicrogramsPerGramrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/344Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Inorganic Nitrogen (Resin Strip Method) (GLBRC088-013)Relative amount of nitrate and ammonium available in soils of all BCSE treatments (G1-G10) over the 2009 growing season as determined by the resin strip method. See datatable GLBRC088-012 for additional inorganic N data.Soil+Inorganic+Nitrogen+(Resin+Strip+Method).csvNone261\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/344.csvsiteexperiment locationexperiment locationdate_installeddate the resin strips were put in the soilYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18sample_datedate the resin strips were removed from the soilYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18treatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentno3NO3-NmicrogramsPerCentimeterSquaredPerDayrealnh4NH4-NmicrogramsPerCentimeterSquaredPerDayrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/406Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Temperature (GLBRC088-018)Soil temperature at soil sampling of the Arlington GLBRC Biofuel Cropping System Experiment. KBS does not measure temperature when soil sampling.Soil+Temperature.csvNone251\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/406.csvsample_datedate the soil sample was collectedcelsiusrealsiteexperiment locationexperiment locationtreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentdepthsoil sample depth rangecentimeterrealtemperaturetemperature measured in soil when soil was collectedcelsiusrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/441Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Texture and Soil Organic Matter at ERT Plots (GLBRC088_023)Soil texture and soil organic matter data collected at ERT (electrical resistivity tomography) plots.Soil+Texture+and+Soil+Organic+Mater+at+ERT+Plots.csvNone291\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/441.csvsample_datedate of sample collectionYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationtreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentdepth_cmpoint depth (+- 10cm)centimeterrealsand_percentsand content of soil in percentgramsPerHectogramrealclay_percentclay content of soil in percentgramsPerHectogramrealsilt_percentsilt content of soil in percentgramsPerHectogramrealsoil_organic_matter_g_kgsoil organic matter measured by loss on ignitionrealert_plotinternal plot nameintegerhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/600Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Gravimetric soil moisture for BCSE rainout shelter experiment (GLBRC088-024)Gravimetric soil moisture of rainout shelter experiment at the GLBRC BCSE.Gravimetric+soil+moisture+for+BCSE+rainout+shelter+experiment.csvNone291\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/600.csvsample_datedate the sample was collectedYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationtreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentmain_or_microplotexperiment where the crop was harvested fromexperiment where the crop was harvested fromshelter_treatmentthe installation of shelter on sampling point the installation of shelter on sampling point top_depththe distance from the soil surface to the top of the core in centimetercentimeterrealbottom_depththe distance from the soil surface to the bottom of the sampled corecentimeterrealmoisturegravimetric soil moisturegramsPerHectogramrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/738Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Water Chemistry (GLBRC088-028)Soil water (leachate) samples collected from low-tension soil water samplers (also called suction lysimeters) buried ~1.2 meters deep in the main plot of all BCSE treatments (R1-R4 only) and analyzed for a range of chemical and physical properties.Soil+Water+Chemistry.csvNone381\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/738.csvsample_pointtext description of the sample pointtext description of the sample pointNO3-NNO3-NmilligramsPerLiterrealCnd-LSpecificConductanceLab (25C)microsiemensPerCentimeterrealTDPdissolved phosphorusmicrogramsPerGramrealpH-LpH measured in labdimensionlessrealCa-ICCa measured by ion chromatographymilligramsPerLiterrealMg-ICMg measured by ion chromatographymilligramsPerLiterrealNa-ICNa measured by ion chromatographymilligramsPerLiterrealK-ICK measured by ion chromatographymilligramsPerLiterrealTDNtotal dissolved nitrogenmicrogramsPerLiterrealCnd-FSpecificConductanceField (25C)microsiemensPerCentimeterrealZmaxTotal DepthmeterrealZsampSample depthmeterrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/802Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Volumetric Soil Moisture (Hyrdosense) (GLBRC088-029)Surface(0 to 12 cm) soil moisture measurements were taken with a Hydrosense II probe These soil moisture samples are usually taken in conjuction with the static gas chamber samples. Soil moisture measurements below 6% were set to 6%, the detection limit of the Hyrdosense Probe.Volumetric+Soil+Moisture+(Hyrdosense).csvNone271\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/802.csvexperimentthe experiment sampledthe experiment sampledsitethe site sampledthe site sampledtreatmentthe treatment sampledthe treatment sampledfield_sectionthe physical field section (east, west, north, south, etc)the physical field section (east, west, north, south, etc)main_or_microplotthe field section in the treatment sensethe field section in the treatment sensesample_datethe sample dateYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18vwc_percentthe volumetric soil moisture content measured in percentdimensionlessreal@thesis{citation_4127, author = {Allison Zahorec}, title = {Microarthropod-microbe interactions on soil carbon dynamics in bioenergy cropping systems}, publisher = {Michigan State University}, year = {2023}, series = {Dissertation} } @article{citation_3951, author = {Alexandria S Kuhl and Anthony D Kendall and Remke L van Dam and Stephen K Hamilton and David W Hyndman}, title = {Root water uptake of biofuel crops revealed by coupled electrical resistivity and soil water content measurements}, year = {2021}, journal = {Vadose Zone Journal}, pages = {e20124}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1002/vzj2.20124} }