uid=KBS,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=orgalluid=sbohm,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=orgallpublicreadhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/174.emlG.RobertsonMichigan State University

3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060US

(269) 760-8364(269)671-2351robert30@msu.edu0000-0001-9771-9895RichardPriceMichigan State University

US

priceri1@msu.eduLinLiuMichigan State University

East LansingmUS

liulin7@msu.eduBrunoBassoMichigan State University

East LansingMichiganUS

basso@msu.edu0000-0003-2090-4616BrunoBassoMichigan State University

East LansingMichiganUS

basso@msu.edu0000-0003-2090-4616principal contact2026-06-07

original data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/174

LTERKBSKellogg Biological StationHickory CornersMichiganGreat LakesbulkdensitysoildeepcoreInorganic NutrientsDisturbanceLTER Core Research Areafarmingbiotahttps://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/thesaurus-full.php?thcode=15Data in the KBS LTER core database may not be published without written permission of the lead investigator or project director. These restrictions are intended mainly to preserve the primary investigators' rights to first publication and to ensure that data users are aware of the limitations that may be associated with any specific data set. These restrictions apply to both the baseline data set and to the data sets associated with specific LTER-supported subprojects.All publications of KBS data and images must acknowledge KBS LTER support.The areas around the Kellogg Biological Station in southwest Michigan-85.404699-85.36685742.42026542.3910192008-10-312022-11-29Kellogg Biological StationData Managerlter.data.manager@kbs.msu.eduhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu02vkce854KBS LTERSoil bulk density is a measurement of the dry mass of soil per unit soil volume (g/cm3) and thus includes the combined volume of solids and pores that may contain gases or water, or both. Bulk density can affect many soil processes, such as water passage, heat transfer, aeration and root growth. It is also a necessary factor to convert mass-based units to area-based units. This protocol describes bulk density analyses associated with deep (1 m) soil cores sampled at approximate 5-10 year intervals to examine changes in soil carbon with depth. Cores are delineated into soil sections and bulk density is determined either by depth interval or by soil horizon (MCSE in 2008). For each core section or interval, dried subsamples are also pulverized and sampled for carbon and nitrogen analysis, and the remainder or a portion thereof is archived. Sampling frequency: Usually every 5-10 years Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/110Soils of the GLBRC Biofuel Cropping System Experiment (BSCE) and Scale-Up Experiment are sampled to measure and monitor a variety of physical and chemical factors, including soil bulk density, texture, pH, moisture, organic carbon, inorganic nitrogen, and several other nutrients. Both surface and deep-core soil samples are collected. Currently surface samples to 25 cm are collected in annual crop treatments on an annual basis and analyzed for inorganic nitrogen and for fertilizer recommendations and collected in perennial crop treatments every three years. Deep-core sampling to 1 meter occurs every 5 to 10 years to primarily examine long-term changes in organic carbon and nitrogen.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/158Soil total carbon and nitrogen as well as the ratio of C:N are important attributes of soil fertility. Both total C and N are measured by a combustion method that does not differentiate between organic and inorganic forms of the elements. In most soils, inorganic N is a tiny fraction of total N so total N is synonymous with organic N. Inorganic C, on the other hand, can be a significant portion of total C in soils with carbonate minerals. Extensive testing of KBS surface soils has shown soil inorganic C to be non-detectable; thus total C in KBS surface soils is synonymous with total organic carbon (TOC). However, carbonates may still be present in deep or recently limed soils, which must be tested for inorganic carbon and, if present, the carbonates removed via acid fumigation (described below) prior to total C analysis. Inorganic C can also be analyzed separately via the inorganic C protocol. To measure total C and N, subsamples of dried, finely ground soil are weighed into small foil capsules that are combusted in an automated CHN analyzer that measures the amount of released CO2 and N2 by gas chromatography. Final values are expressed as the percentage of carbon or nitrogen in dry soil. If inorganic C has been confirmed to be absent, removed, or analyzed separately and subtracted, values can be expressed as total organic C. Sampling frequency depends on experiment and research objectives. Since 2001, soils of the LTER Main Cropping System Experiment are analyzed for total C and N as part of the decadal deep soil core (whole profile) sampling program, usually in late fall of wheat years.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/37The Costech Elemental Combustion System 4010 is an automated combustion analyzer used to determine total carbon and nitrogen in soil and plant samples. This system employees a helium carrier gas to bring combustion gases to a gas chromatographic separation column and thermal conductivity detector. More information about the analyzer can be obtained from Costech Analytical Technologies (26074 Avenue Hall, Suite 13, Valencia, CA 91355 – USA or http://www.costechanalytical.com/) For preparation and analysis of plant material, see https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/40. For preparation and analysis of soil, see https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/37.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/148Surface (0-25 cm) soil samples are typically collected in the fall, composited by plot, and sent to an analytical laboratory for analysis and for nutrient and liming recommendations for field crops. Analyses include pH, lime index, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and cation exchange capacity. Samples collected in the fall provide liming and fertilizer recommendations for the following year. Deep cores (0-100 cm) are collected every 5-10 years and samples are analyzed separately by depth interval to monitor longer-term changes in composition with depth. Sampling frequency: Depends on experiment and research objective. Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/178Ammonium (NH4 ) and nitrate (NO3-) are the predominate forms of inorganic N in soils; their availability affects rates of N transformation, plant uptake, and N leaching. To measure the nutrient pool of NH4 and NO3- in soils, a subsample of a fresh, sieved composite sample is extracted, filtered, and the extract then analyzed using colorimetric techniques. Concentrations of NH4+ and NO3- are typically expressed as element mass of N per gram of dry soil, but conversion to an areal basis is possible if the soil bulk density and sample depth are known. Sampling frequency: Depends on experiment, time of year, and research objective. Soil inorganic N is routinely measured as part of our LTER and GLBRC soil sampling programs.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/33The amount of water or moisture in a given mass of soil is highly variable and is important to measure in field studies because it affects microbial activity, nutrient movement, and plant growth. To measure soil moisture content by the gravimetric method, a subsample of a fresh, sieved composite sample or a fresh soil core is weighed, oven dried until there is no further mass loss, and then reweighed. The moisture content is expressed as mass of water per mass of dry soil. Sampling frequency: Depends on experiment and research objective. Soil moisture is routinely measured as part of our LTER core soil sampling for inorganic N, N mineralization, and greenhouse gas fluxes.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/24Soil pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion activity in soil solution; high hydrogen activity (low pH) is an index of soil acidity which can affect nutrient availability and plant growth. To measure the pH of fresh soil, duplicate subsamples (15 g fresh weight) from a sieved soil sample are suspended in solution by adding deionized water in a soil:water ratio of 1:2. The pH of the suspension is measured with a glass electrode pH meter standardized with standard buffer solutions of pH 7 and pH 4. Sampling frequency: Depends on experiment, time of year, and research objective. Soil pH is often taken to inform liming recommendations.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/163https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/236Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Bulk Density (GLBRC088-006)Soil bulk density of surface and deep core samples taken from fields of the GLBRC Scale-up Experiment.Soil+Bulk+Density.csvNone361\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/236.csvsample_datedate the sample was collectedYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationtreatment_nametreatment_descriptiontreatment_descriptiontreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentstationsampling pointsampling pointtop_depth_cmupper depth of sample (actualupper depth of sample (actualbottom_depth_cmlower depth of soil sample (actual)centimeterintegernominal_top_depththe nominal top depth of the corecentimeterrealnominal_bottom_depththe nominal bottom depth of the core (the depth that was attempted)centimeterrealcore_diameterdiameter of the soil corecentimeterintegergravel_free_bulk_densitybulk density of the gravel free soil fraction (gravel >4 mm removed)gramsPerCubicCentimeterrealtotal_bulk_densitybulk density, including gravelgramsPerCubicCentimeterrealcommentscomments about the rowcomments about the rowcampaigntype of soil samplingtype of soil samplinghttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/235Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Total Carbon and Nitrogen (GLBRC088-007)Total carbon and nitrogen content of surface and deep core samples from fields of the GLBRC Scale-up Experiment. A dried subsample is ground and analyzed for carbon and nitrogen content, reported as a percentage.Soil+Total+Carbon+and+Nitrogen.csvNone311\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/235.csvyeargrowing season yearYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18campaigndistinct activitydistinct activitysample_datedate the sample was collectedYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18treatment_nametreatment descriptiontreatment descriptiontreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested in treatmentreplicate nested in treatmentstationsampling locationsampling locationtop_depthnominal upper depth of the soil corecentimeterintegerbottom_depthnominal lower depth of the soil samplecentimeterintegernitrogenpercent nitrogen content in soil gramsPerHectogramrealcarbonpercent carbon content in soilgramsPerHectogramrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/240Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Agronomic Soil Chemistry (GLBRC088-009)Soil samples are taken on a near annual basis (usually after harvest in the fall) for fertilizer recommendations and analysis of pH, lime index, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and cation exchange capacity by an analytical service lab (Michigan State University Soil and Plant Nutrient Laboratory through 2022). Ten surface cores (0-25 cm) are collected at each sampling station, composited by station, then sieved and air dried before sending out for analysis. Note that these samples may also be analyzed for soil moisture and inorganic N.Agronomic+Soil+Chemistry.csvNone391\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/240.csvsample_datedate of sample collectionYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperimental locationexperimental locationtreatment_nametreatment descriptiontreatment descriptiontreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentstationsampling locationsampling locationcampaigntype of soil samplingtype of soil samplingpHsoil pHreallime_indexindicator of potential acidityintegerp_ppmphosphorus concentrationmilligramsPerKilogramrealk_ppmpotassium concentationmilligramsPerKilogramrealca_ppmcalcium concentrationmilligramsPerKilogramrealmg_ppmmagnesium concentratonmilligramsPerKilogramrealzn_ppmzinc concentrationmilligramsPerKilogramreals_ppmsulfur_concentrationmilligramsPerKilogramrealb_ppmboron concentrationmilligramsPerKilogramrealtop_depthupper depth of soil samplecentimeterintegerbottom_depthlower depth of soil corecentimeterintegerest_cecestimated cation exchange capacityrealphosphorus_M3_ppmphosphorus by employing the Mehlich 3 methodmilligramsPerKilogramreallabanalysis labanalysis labhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/355Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Inorganic Nitrogen (GLBRC088-014)Soil extractable nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate plus nitrite) concentrations, corrected for soil moisture, in surface soils of the GLBRC Scale-up Experiment, reported as mg N per kg dry soil.Soil+Inorganic+Nitrogen.csvNone291\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/355.csvsample_datedate the soil was collectedYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18experimentGLBRC experimentGLBRC experimenttreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmenttreatment_nametreatment descriptiontreatment descriptionstationsampling locationsampling locationtop_depthsoil core upper depthcentimeterrealbottom_depthsoil core lower depthcentimeterrealno3soil extractable nitrate-N plus nitrite-N, average of analytical replicates, screened for outliers and corrected for soil moisture microgramsPerGramrealnh4soil extractable ammonium-N, average of analytical replicates, screened for outliers and corrected for soil moisture microgramsPerGramrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/371Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Texture of Deep Cores (GLBRC088-017)Soil texture (percentage sand, silt, and clay) of deep core samples from fields of the GLBRC Scale-up Experiment. Deep core samples are divided into four depth intervals (0-10, 10-25, 25-50, and 50-100 cm).Soil+Texture+of+Dep+Cores.csvNone291\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/371.csvsample_datedate of sample collectionYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationtreatment_nametreatment descriptiontreatment descriptiontreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentstationsampling stationsampling stationtop_depthupper depth of soil corecentimeterintegerbottom_depthlower depth of sampling corecentimeterintegersandsand content of soilgramsPerHectogramrealsiltsilt content of soilgramsPerHectogramrealclayclay content of soilgramsPerHectogramrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/423Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Moisture (Gravimetric) (GLBRC088-020)Gravimetric soil moisture of surface cores from fields of the GLBRC Scale-up Experiment. These data are used to adjust the soil inorganic nitrogen measurements for moisture.Soil+Moisture+(Gravimetric).csvNone261\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/423.csvsample_datedate the soil sample was collectedYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationtreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentstationsampling pointsampling pointdepthdepth range of the sampled soil corecentimeterrealmoisturegravimetric soil moisturegramsPerHectogramrealcommentscommentscommentshttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/439Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil pH (GLBRC088-022)Soil pH of surface cores (0-25 cm) from fields of the GLBRC Scale-up Experiment taken periodically in the fall to monitor the need for soil liming.Soil+pH.csvNone271\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/439.csvsample_datedate of soil sample collectionYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationexperimentGLBRC experimentGLBRC experimenttreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmenttreatment_nametreatment descriptiontreatment descriptionstationsampling locationsampling locationdepth_cmdepth of soil samplecentimeterintegerphpH of soil solutiondimensionlessrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/582Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Soil Water Limits (GLBRC124-002)SELECT site, treatment, ssurgo_id, soil_depth_cm, upper_limit, lower_limit FROM glbrc_scaleup.soil_water_limitsSoil+Water+Limits.csvNone251\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/582.csvsiteglbrc scaleup siteglbrc scaleup sitetreatmentplot in glbrc scaleup siteplot in glbrc scaleup siteSSURGO_idSSURGO soil idSSURGO soil idsoil_depth_cmsoil sampling depth in cmsoil sampling depth in cmupper_limitsoil water upper limitcubicMeterPerCubicMeterreallower_limitsoil water lower limitcubicMeterPerCubicMeterreal