uid=KBS,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=orgalluid=sbohm,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=orgallpublicreadhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/81.emlAgronomic Yields at the Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI (2008 to 2025)RandyJacksonUniversity of WisconsinUS(608)262-1390rdjackson@wisc.edu0000-0002-8033-1250G.RobertsonMichigan State University3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060US(269) 760-8364(269)671-2351robert30@msu.edu0000-0001-9771-9895KurtThelenMichigan State UniversityUS(517) 355-0271 x1232thelenk3@msu.edu0000-0003-3464-0826GreggSanfordUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsin53706USgregg.r.sanford@gmail.com0000-0001-5019-9095GreggSanfordUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsin53706USgregg.r.sanford@gmail.com0000-0001-5019-9095principal contactJosephSimmonsMichigan State University3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060(269) 671-2528(269)671-2104simmonsj@kbs.msu.eduprincipal contactStaceyVanderWulpMichigan State University3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060US(269) 671-2339(269) 671-2333vanderws@msu.eduprincipal contact2026-05-16Dataset Abstractoriginal data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/81LTERKBSKellogg Biological StationHickory CornersMichiganGreat LakesYieldGISPrimary ProductionLTER Core Research Areayieldfarmingbiotahttps://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/thesaurus-full.php?thcode=15Data in the KBS LTER core database may not be published without written permission of the lead investigator or project director. These restrictions are intended mainly to preserve the primary investigators' rights to first publication and to ensure that data users are aware of the limitations that may be associated with any specific data set. These restrictions apply to both the baseline data set and to the data sets associated with specific LTER-supported subprojects.All publications of KBS data and images must acknowledge KBS LTER support.The areas around the Kellogg Biological Station in southwest Michigan-85.404699-85.36685742.42026542.3910192008-01-012025-10-30Kellogg Biological StationData Managerlter.data.manager@kbs.msu.eduhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu02vkce854KBS LTERThis protocol is a guide for actions planned to take place during the year. Actual field operations may differ from what is in the protocol and are recorded in the GLBRC Agronomic Log. Here is the current GLBRC BCSE Agronomic Protocol .GLBRC Biofuel Cropping System Experiment: Agronomic ProtocolData Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/122Corn stover is a potential feedstock for biofuel production as an alternative to conventional fuels (NRC,2009).There are some major implications for using corn stover as a biofuel feedstock. Stover removal decreases soil carbon storage, impacts soil fertility and crop development. High rates of corn stover removal as biofuel can adversely impact soil productivity and environmental quality. Information on the quantity of removable stover based on field experimentation for representative soils in the U.S. Corn Belt region is lacking for developing guidelines to meet energy and soil quality needs. Experimental data on the impacts of stover removal are needed to establish threshold levels of stover management. With this perspective, a study was designed in 2008 to determine the potential implications of corn stover on soil quality and crop yields. The experiment is laid in Randomized Split-Plot design with two crop management (continuous corn and corn in rotation) and two stover removal rates (0 and 100%) replicated five times. The experimental sites are located at the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research (GLBRC) intensive research sites: Kellogg Biological Station (KBS), Michigan and Arlington, Wisconsin.GLBRC Intensive Experiment: Corn Stover Removal MicroplotsData Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/131Corn stover is the plant material left in the field after grain harvest and is a potential feedstock for biofuel production. It is harvested from corn treatments in the GLBRC Biofuel Cropping System (BCSE, G1-G4 depending on year) and Scale-up (L1, M1) Experiments. High rates of corn stover removal can decrease soil carbon storage and adversely impact soil fertility, crop productivity, and environmental quality. Thus, subplots were established in corn treatments of the BCSE to examine the potential effects of corn stover removal on soil quality and crop yields.
The BCSE annual treatment plots (KBS: 131 × 91 ft; Arlington: 140 × 90 ft) are divided into a 60 ft wide main plot, which aims for 100% corn stover removal, and two 15 ft wide subplots on either side with 0% stover removal (i.e., stover non-removal subplot) generally on the west side and 100% stover removal (i.e., stover removal subplot) on the east side. Note the exception that subplots in Block 1 (G2R1, G3R1, G4R1) at KBS are lain in the opposite direction. Comparison of subplots accounts for potential edge effects and differences in harvest machinery with the main plot.
In BCSE annual treatments with cover crops (G2-G4, depending on year), additional subplots were established within the stover removal subplot (only) to examine the effects of cover crop harvest and removal on soil fertility and grain yield. From 2013-2017, the northern one-third of the stover removal subplot served as a cover crop non-removal plot wherein cover crops were killed with an herbicide and the biomass left on the field (herbicided subplot); the remaining two-thirds of the subplot was harvested as in the main plot and served as a cover crop removal subplot (nonherbicided subplot).
Note the original cropping treatments of G2-G4 have changed over the years; for more details consult the KBS aglog or archived plot maps.GLBRC: Corn StoverData Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/180https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/199Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Agronomic Yields of Annual Crops (GLBRC081-001)Agronomic yields from the main plot and subplots of BCSE annual crop treatments (G1-G4, depending on year). Yields are measured during normal crop harvest and are given at standard grain moisture for corn (15.5%), soybean (13%) and canola (8.5%), and as whole plant (6 inch cutting height) dry matter (0% moisture) for sorghum. Note that crops and management in G2-G4 have changed over the years; consult the KBS Aglog or archived plot maps for crops planted in a given year. For dry matter yields of grain crops, see datatable GLBRC081-009.Agronomic+Yields+of+Anual+Crops.csvNone391\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/199.csvyearyear of the growing seasonintegerharvest_dateharvest dateYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationmain_or_microplotexperiment where the crop was harvested fromexperiment where the crop was harvested fromtreatment_namedescription of treatmentdescription of treatmenttreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentcropcrop harvestedcrop harvestedarea_harvested_ft2area harvestedsquareFootrealyield_mg_hacrop yield (at standard moisture for corn 15.5%, soy 13% and canola 8.5%, 0% for sorghum biomass)megagramsPerHectarerealmoisture_at_harvestmoisture measured at harvestgramsPerHectogramrealcommentscommentscommentsfield_sectionsection of the field harvestedsection of the field harvestedfractionpart of the crop that was harvestedpart of the crop that was harvestedcover_crop_herbicidedWas the cover crop herbicided?Was the cover crop herbicided?stover_remainsdid the stover remain in the field? The standard practice was to remove stover in corn years and leave it in the stover_microplots. On the plot plans the stover microplots are called 'stover non-removal microplots'did the stover remain in the field? The standard practice was to remove stover in corn years and leave it in the stover_microplots. On the plot plans the stover microplots are called 'stover non-removal microplots'https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/229Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Agronomic Yields of Perennial Crops (GLBRC081-002)Agronomic yields, expressed as dry matter, from machine harvests of the main plot and subplots of BCSE herbaceous perennial crop treatments (G4-G7, G9-G10, depending on year) and from clear-cutting of the woody poplar treatment (G8). Harvesting methods and equipment are recorded in the GLBRC Agronomic Log.Agronomic+Yields+of+Perenial+Crops.csvNone391\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/229.csvyeargrowing season year(s)integerharvest_dateharvest dateYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18sitelocation of experimentlocation of experimentmain_or_microplotexperiment where the crop was harvested fromexperiment where the crop was harvested fromcropplant(s) for harvestplant(s) for harvesttreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate block nested in treatmentreplicate block nested in treatmentwi_plot_idArlington's plot codeintegerfractionpart of the plant that was harvestedpart of the plant that was harvestedfield_sectionsection of the field harvestedsection of the field harvestedn_treatmentnitrogen application to the fieldnitrogen application to the fieldarea_harvested_ft2area harvestedsquareFootrealdry_matter_yield_Mg_hayield as dry mattermegagramsPerHectarerealmoisture_at_harvestpercent moisture measured at harvestgramsPerHectogramrealcommentscomment on the data rowcomment on the data rowdry_matter_yield_ton_acreyield as dry mattertonsPerAcrerealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/261Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Stover and Cover Crop Yields and Residual Stover Biomass (GLBRC081-004)Corn stover (dried stalks and leaves remaining after grain harvest) and cover crop yields, expressed as dry matter, for BCSE annual treatments (G1-G4, depending on year). Note that from 2008-2014, stover was harvested by mowing and chopping directly into a forage wagon and that from 2015 onward, it is mowed, windrowed, and baled.
Also included is the biomass of hand-collected samples of residual corn stover—the stover biomass that remains on the ground after stover harvest—for the period 2008-2014 when harvest resulted in an even distribution of stover on the ground. The change to windrowing in 2015 resulted in an uneven distribution of stover on the ground and requires a different sampling approach; these data are located in datatable GLBRC143-002.Stover+and+Cover+Crop+Yields+and+Residual+Stover+Biomas.csvNone311\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/261.csvcrop_yearyear of the growing seasonyear of the growing seasonharvest_dateharvest dateYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18sitelocation of experimentlocation of experimenttreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate block nested in treatmentreplicate block nested in treatmentfractionpart of the plant that was harvestedpart of the plant that was harvestedfield_sectionsection of the field harvestedsection of the field harvestedarea_harvested_ft2area harvestedsquareFootrealdry_matter_yield_kg_hayield as dry matterkilogramsPerHectarerealmoisture_at_harvestpercent moisture measured at harvestgramsPerHectogramrealcommentscomment on data rowcomment on data rowhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/262Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Stover Removal Subplot Yields (GLBRC081-005)Agronomic grain yields of the corn stover subplots (stover removal vs stover non-removal) in BCSE annual treatments (G1-G4, depending on year). Note that stover is removed from the main plots of all annual treatments when corn is grown. Also note that grain yields are given at standard moisture and need to be converted if dry matter yields are required.Stover+Removal+Subplot+Yields.csvNone341\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/262.csvyearyear of growing seasonintegerharvest_dateharvest dateYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18sitelocation of experimentlocation of experimentmain_or_microplotIs data front the main part of the field or the micro plots?Is data front the main part of the field or the micro plots?cropharvested cropharvested croptreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate block nested in treatmentreplicate block nested in treatmentwi_plot_idArlington's plot codeintegerfield_sectionsection of the field harvestedsection of the field harvestedarea_harvested_ft2area harvestedsquareFootrealyield_kg_hayield harvested at standard moisturekilogramsPerHectarerealdry_yield_kg_hadry matter yieldkilogramsPerHectarerealmoisture_at_harvestpercent moisture measured at harvestgramsPerHectogramrealcommentscommentscommentsfractionpart of plant harvestedpart of plant harvestedhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/263Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Nitrogen Fertilzer Subplot Yields (GLBRC081-006)Dry matter yields of the N fertilizer subplots (plus nitrogen vs no nitrogen) to examine the effects of N fertilizer on ecosystem processes in BCSE perennial (G4-G10, depending on year) and annual (G2-G3, depending on year) treatments. Note that the main plots of all treatments, except G10, are N-fertilized; the main plot of G10 is not N-fertilized.Nitrogen+Fertilzer+Subplot+Yields.csvNone321\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/263.csvyearyear of the growing seasonintegerharvest_dateharvest dateYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18sitelocation of experimentlocation of experimentmain_or_microplotdata are from the main section of the field or the microplot?data are from the main section of the field or the microplot?cropplants for harvestplants for harvesttreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate block nested in treatmentreplicate block nested in treatmentwi_plot_idArlington's plot codeintegerarea_harvested_ft2area harvestedsquareFootrealdry_matter_yield_mg_hayield as dry mattermegagramsPerHectarerealmoisture_at_harvestpercent moisture measured at harvestgramsPerHectogramtextcommentscommentscommentsfield_sectionsection of the field harvestedsection of the field harvestedhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/264Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Arlington Harvest Equipment (GLBRC081-007)Equipment used to harvest the main plots and subplots of the Arlington GLBRC Biofuel Cropping System Experiment in 2008-2010. KBS harvest equipment and Arlington harvest equipment from 2011-2017 are recorded in the KBS Agronomic Log.Arlington+Harvest+Equipment.csvNone281\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/264.csvyearyearyeartreatmenttreatmenttreatmentcropbiofuels cropbiofuels croplocationwhere the harvest took placewhere the harvest took placeharvest_equipment1harvest equipment- 1st stageharvest equipment- 1st stageharvest_equipment2harvest_equipment- 2nd stageharvest_equipment- 2nd stageharvest_equipmentharvest_equipment- 4th stageharvest_equipment- 4th stagehttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/360Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Agronomic Yields of All Treatments (GLBRC081-009)Agronomic yields of the main plot and subplots from all BCSE treatments including annual (G1-G4, depending on year), perennial herbaceous (G2-G7, depending on year, G9-G10) and woody (G8) crops measured during normal crop harvest by machine harvesters appropriate to each crop. Yields are given in metric and Imperial units. Grain yields are given at standard moisture and as dry matter; herbaceous and woody yields are given as dry matter.
Data in this datatable can also be found in these datatables: Agronomic Yields of Annual Crops and Agronomic+Yields+of+Al+Treatments.csvNone391\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/360.csvyeargrowing season yearYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18harvest_datedate the crop was harvestedYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18siteexperiment locationexperiment locationtreatmentexperimental treatmentexperimental treatmentreplicatereplicate nested within treatmentreplicate nested within treatmentwi_plot_idArlington Wisconsin's plot IDArlington Wisconsin's plot IDmain_or_microplotexperimental unit where the crop was harvested fromexperimental unit where the crop was harvested fromsubplotsubplot location within the plot where the crop was harvested fromsubplot location within the plot where the crop was harvested fromarea_harvested_ft2area harvestedsquareFootrealcropcrop harvestedcrop harvestedfractionpart of the crop that was harvestedpart of the crop that was harvestedmoisture_at_harvestcrop moisture measured at time of harvestgramsPerHectogramrealstandard_moistureThe reporting moisture for the crop yield.gramsPerHectogramrealyield_std_moisture_bu_accrop yield (at standard moisture for corn, soy and canola) bushelPerAcrerealyield_std_moisture_mg_hacrop yield (at standard moisture for corn, soy and canola) megagramsPerHectarerealyield_dry_matter_mg_hacrop yield at zero percent moisturemegagramsPerHectarerealyield_dry_matter_tons_accrop yield at zero percent moisturetonsPerAcrerealcommentscommentscommentshttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/718Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Residual Stover Biomass (GLBRC143-002)Biomass of stover residue left on the ground after harvesting of corn stover in BCSE annual treatments (G1-G4, depending on year) from 2015 onward. Note that windrowing of stover began in 2015 and results in uneven distribution on the ground; samples are hand-collected within windrows (W) and between (B) windrows and weighed separately as within (SW) and between (SB) stover biomass. Data from 2008-2014, when harvest resulted in an even distribution of stover on the ground, are found in datatable GLBRC081-004.Residual+Stover+Biomas.csvNone331\ncolumn,no"\https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/datatables/718.csvyearyear of sample collectedyear of sample collectedcampaignthe sampling campaignthe sampling campaignsample_datedate of samplingYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18sitethe Experimental sitethe Experimental sitetreatmentthe treatment codethe treatment codereplicatethe replicate plotthe replicate plotwindrowsample collected in the windrow (W) or between windrows (B)sample collected in the windrow (W) or between windrows (B)windrow_widthwidth of the windrow and between the wondrowsmeterreallocation_nosample location number in the windrow or between windrowssample location number in the windrow or between windrowsspeciesthe sampled speciesthe sampled speciesfractionthe plant fraction sampledthe plant fraction sampledbiomass_g_m2biomass per square metergramsPerSquareMeterreal@article{citation_3835,
author = {Sarah Cusser and Christie A Bahlai and Scott M Swinton and G Philip Robertson and Nick M Haddad},
title = {Long-term research needed to avoid spurious and misleading trends in sustainability attributes of no-till},
year = {2020},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
pages = {3715-3725},
volume = {26},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.15080}
}