Landis, D. A., D. W. Schemske, B. E. Dale, C. Gratton, S. K. Hamilton, R. C. Izaurralde, R. D. Jackson, G. P. Robertson, S. M. Swinton, K. D. Thelen, and J. M. Tiedje. 2016. Sustainability Guidelines for Future Biofuel Crops.
Citable PDF link: https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/pub/3574
Beginning in 2009, the Sustainability Leadership Council of the Great Lake Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) began formulating a set of sustainability considerations for future biofuel crops for discussion within the Center. That process led to the creation of a whitepaper, first circulated for discussion on 9 Feb 2010. Based on those discussions, later addenda summarized key attributes for sustainable bioenergy crops broken down into Tier 1 (High-level attributes) and Tier 2 (More specific attributes). Tier 1 attributes (Productive, Perennial, Polyculture-tolerant, and strategically Positioned) became known as the 4P’s for sustainable biofuel crop production.
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